Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of…

…of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), which enhances removal of circulating LDL…

…the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Reduced hepatic cholesterol production increases hepatic LDL receptor expression, thereby enhancing removal of LDL particles from the circulation…

…Catapress TTS 3 (0.3 mg/24hrs) Dosage in renal failure and renal replacement therapy: Dose as in normal renal function Adverse effects Excessive sedation…

…occurred in 10–15% during the first year. The dominant mechanism was excessive intimal hyperplasia within the stent. Restenosis was more likely with: Small reference…

…incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression complicate risk prediction. Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural factors rather than a single gene disorder…

…Recognised causes include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy…

…a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Reduced hepatic cholesterol synthesis produces a compensatory increase in hepatic LDL receptor expression, accelerating clearance of circulating LDL particles…