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Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…stabbing. Its location and radiation may reflect the segment of aorta involved, although the source material does not provide a detailed symptom to anatomy correlation…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…by microvascular constriction and endothelial or myocardial injury. Antithrombotic therapy may reduce embolization of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may…

🟠 CHADS-VA Bleeding Risk Score

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…segments; assessment of stent expansion and apposition; recognition of edge dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include…

Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG

…may result in abnormal depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. This is presumably due to a mismatch between the expansion of contractile cells as compared with…

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