…Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and…

…a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk…

…g in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5 10 minutes. Dilute immediately before use…

…procedural safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of lesions amenable to PCI. Stent selection must nevertheless be integrated with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Sotalol is a nonselective beta adrenoceptor blocker devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity that also prolongs cardiac repolarization…

…zone and contributes to ventricular failure. Mechanisms of Shock The central consequence of extensive infarction is loss of contractile myocardium, with reduced cardiac output and…

…Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas…

…Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises…

…in the same order every time, reduces the risk of missing abnormalities. The eight steps below go through the rhythm and then the waveforms one…