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Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…Reduced exercise tolerance. Excessive fatigue. These non chest pain manifestations are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…not excessive, or may cause substantial haemodynamic compromise. Symptoms and consequences may include: Palpitations and awareness of an irregular or rapid heartbeat Dyspnoea and worsening…

Sotalol: Initiation, QT Monitoring and Renal Dosing

…during hospital initiation to detect excessive QT prolongation, proarrhythmia, and severe bradycardia. Patients should be monitored for arrhythmias and QT prolongation with each dose adjustment…

Acute Aortic Syndromes: Intramural Haematoma and Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer

…mm in diameter and 4–30 mm in depth. PAU is strongly associated with extensive atherosclerosis and frequently occurs in older patients with multiple vascular…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…procedural definitions, and institutional practice. Complications are more frequent during PCI than during purely diagnostic angiography. Elective PCI has reported mortality of 0.1–0…

De-escalation and Shortened Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients at High Bleeding Risk

…with increasing frequency or severity; angina that awakens the patient from sleep. Patients receiving modified antiplatelet therapy require clinical surveillance for both recurrent ischemia and…

Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete revascularization, or coronary anatomy unsuitable for further intervention. In ANOCA/INOCA, coronary atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and…

Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

…Notably: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest…

Optimization of the ultrasound image

…density there (and thus the lowest image resolution). TGC at the top of the image is usually kept at low levels. Frequency of ultrasound waves…

Atrial Flutter: Mechanisms, ECG Recognition and Management

…are associated with similar clinical settings and frequently coexist in the same patient population. AF can act as a trigger for atrial flutter, and the…

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