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Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…not excessive, or may cause substantial haemodynamic compromise. Symptoms and consequences may include: Palpitations and awareness of an irregular or rapid heartbeat Dyspnoea and worsening…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…Reduced exercise tolerance. Excessive fatigue. These non chest pain manifestations are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease…

Acute Aortic Syndromes: Intramural Haematoma and Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer

…multiple and typically measure approximately 5–25 mm in diameter and 4–30 mm in depth. PAU is strongly associated with extensive atherosclerosis and frequently…

Sotalol: Initiation, QT Monitoring and Renal Dosing

…Furthermore, sotalol may decrease the frequency of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) discharges and reduce the defibrillation threshold, though it typically does not slow ventricular tachycardia…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…procedural definitions, and institutional practice. Complications are more frequent during PCI than during purely diagnostic angiography. Elective PCI has reported mortality of 0.1–0…

De-escalation and Shortened Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients at High Bleeding Risk

…contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration and intensity may be modified according to: bleeding risk; ischemic risk…

Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete revascularization, or coronary anatomy unsuitable for further intervention. In ANOCA/INOCA, coronary atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and…

Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

…hypernatremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia are exceedingly rare precipitants of cardiac arrest. Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia nor hypernatremia typically cause discernible ECG changes. Hyponatremia Effective management…

Optimization of the ultrasound image

…density there (and thus the lowest image resolution). TGC at the top of the image is usually kept at low levels. Frequency of ultrasound waves…

Right Ventricular Infarction: Recognition and Haemodynamic Management

…one third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction, while infarction confined predominantly to the…

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