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Basic cardiac pacing, pacemaker functions and settings

…the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach threshold and evoke an action potential. The intensity of the…

Components and construction of a pacemaker

…that drive the cells to threshold. Any stimulus driving the membrane potential to threshold will evoke an action potential, which will subsequently propagate to neighboring…

Cardiac electrophysiology: Action potential, automaticity and vectors

…resting potential (phase 4), which is around –90 mV. These cells must be stimulated in order to evoke an action potential. Upon stimulation, sodium (Na+)…

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