ECG Exercise stress test Evaluation of the exercise stress test (exercise ECG) The ECG reaction has always been a central component of the exercise stress…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…may not be predictably exertional or relieved by rest or nitroglycerine. Symptoms should therefore be described in detail, followed by objective evaluation for obstructive disease,

…for the evaluation of diastolic function: The ratio between E wave and A wave ( E/A ratio ). The E/A ratio is derived by measuring…

…ejection fraction. Since ejection fraction is affected by preload and afterload, it is necessary to consider loading conditions when evaluating the measured ejection fraction. Ideally…

…blood (typically <5 ng/L). This is explained by the low turnover of cardiac muscle cells ( Parmacek et al ). Cardiac troponin levels rise within a…

…initial warm up period (at a low workload), followed by a successive (graded) increase in workload. The increase in workload occurs with predefined time intervals…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy…

CPR Basic life support (BLS) can be provided by anyone, including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a…