…sirolimus In transplantation, corticosteroids can promote insulin resistance, free fatty acid synthesis and very low density lipoprotein production. Cyclosporine raises LDL cholesterol, partly by reducing…

…RAs facilitate "metabolic reprogramming," shifting myocardial energy metabolism toward more efficient pathways. By modulating fatty acid uptake and mitochondrial function, these agents increase cardiac efficiency…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…stress testing, myocardial ischemia and ischemic symptoms Understanding the basic principles of exercise physiology is essential to conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise…

…failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) at hospitalization warrants evaluation [5]. Heightened awareness is essential in patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow…

…Approximately 90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable…

…the underlying mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. While a detailed understanding of these mechanisms is not essential for all clinicians, it is reasonable to acquire an…

…for the longer duration of diastole compared to systole. Clinical utlility Monitoring MAP is essential for assessing adequate organ perfusion, especially in critically ill patients…

…Physical Examination Prior to initiating an ACE inhibitor, it is essential to evaluate the patient's volume status. Because fluid retention can attenuate the effects…

…making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression…