…clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal, persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes…

…dangerous and benign causes. Ask primarily how the symptoms began, whether they are continuous or episodic, how long an attack lasts, and whether anything actually…

… neovascularization and intraplaque haemorrhage; calcification and remodelling; episodic plaque disruption followed by thrombosis. Atherosclerotic disease usually evolves over decades. Intimal thickening may be present during…

…be categorized according to whether they are: Not associated with ischaemia Associated with episodic ischaemia Associated with obligatory ischaemia Anomalies may involve the coronary ostium…

…persistent or episodic and may not follow a classical pattern of stable exertional angina. Vasospastic angina should be suspected when patients have repetitive episodes of…

…for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though…

…de pointes . ECG showing an episode of sinus rhythm (with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial…

…repolarisation, thereby facilitating reentry. Episodes of TdP are frequently pause dependent, initiated by either a slowing of the heart rate or a PVC induced pause…

…therefore heterogeneous. Irreversibly scarred regions may alternate with viable segments that are dysfunctional because of repeated ischemic episodes or chronic reductions in perfusion. The amount…

…not be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes; shorter episodes also contribute to health. Spreading activity across the week may reduce musculoskeletal injury…

…pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic dysregulation within a structurally normal heart. During an episode, decreased cardiac output and a potential paradoxical vasodilation with hypotension occur…

…blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive…

…will alleviate the ischemia, improve myocardial function and increase resistance to episodes of more severe myocardial ischemia. Collateral circulation may be very effective in reducing…

…AV node, bundle of His or the bundle branches. Tachycardia can cause AV blocks during or after the tachycardia episode. Under certain circumstances, bradycardia can…

…Moreover, ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia) can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk…

…Thus, ischemic episodes may pass asymptomatically. Importance of heart rate during myocardial perfusion imaging It is generally accepted that achieving 85% of the age adjusted…

…sometimes longer Persisting withdrawal, particularly after previous severe episodes, with concurrent physical illness or after prolonged very high intake More than 90 percent of withdrawal…

…block, Mobitz I (Wenckebach): repeated episodes with progressive lengthening of the PR interval until an atrial beat is blocked (the QRS complex fails to appear)…

…inhibitors, erythropoietin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and drugs directed against vascular endothelial growth factor. Episodes of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest phaeochromocytoma. Systemic…

…Irregular, rapid ( 300 bpm) ventricular depolarizations, with very irregular waveforms (no visible QRS waveforms) VT/VF storm (electrical storm) ≥3 episodes of sustained VT, VF…

…relatives suggests a genetic predisposition to arrhythmias. Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (NSVT) : Episodes of VT are a strong predictor of SCD. Unexplained Syncope : Syncope without…

…Another male patient, with similar ST segment changes, experienced syncopal episodes, ventricular tachycardia (including torsades des pointes), ventricular fibrillation arrests and moderate left ventricular dysfunction…

…pain or pressure, and an accelerating pattern. An accelerating pattern includes increasingly frequent or severe episodes, longer episodes, a lower threshold for provocation, or symptoms…

…present Whether an accessory pathway is suspected, particularly before administration of digoxin The duration of the AF episode, if known The presence of thromboembolic risk…

…to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening heart failure requiring hospitalization…

…approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension, recurrent chest pain…

…as criteria for myocardial infarction. This is explained by the fact that T wave inversions do occur after an ischemic episode, and these T wave…

…arrhythmias, silent myocardial ischaemia or sudden cardiac death. Important clinical features suggesting UA include a prolonged episode at rest, newly developed severe angina, or a…

…Nevertheless, patients who develop serious arrhythmias during spontaneous episodes represent a higher risk subgroup. Evaluation and physical examination The cardiac examination is usually normal when…

…Irregular, rapid ( 300 bpm) ventricular depolarizations, with very irregular waveforms (no visible QRS waveforms) VT/VF storm (electrical storm) ≥3 episodes of sustained VT, VF…

…and episodes of myocardial ischemia, do not cause ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. It is clear that only a negligible fraction of all episodes of…

…that a traditional 12 lead ECG only presents a few seconds of myocardial electrical activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed…

…cases with intermittent symptoms, it is important to establish a temporal correlation between symptoms and episodes of bradyarrhythmia on ECG recordings. Normal heart rate and…

…in patients with ischemic heart disease, the majority of all ischemic episodes are asymptomatic (refer to The Ischemic Cascade). Acute coronary syndromes occur when atherosclerotic…

…more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions emerge at the earliest 4–6 hours after an episode of ischemia/infarction, but no later…