…clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal, persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes…

…symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue, as well as a greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic and may not follow a…

…Wernicke's encephalopathy, other central disease Neurological examination, gait and truncal stability, often MRI Episodic triggered vestibular syndrome Brief attacks, usually lasting seconds, reproducibly triggered…

…Angiography also provides limited information about plaque composition, vulnerability and the risk of future plaque rupture. Anatomical severity versus functional significance The physiological effect of…

…calcification and remodelling; episodic plaque disruption followed by thrombosis. Atherosclerotic disease usually evolves over decades. Intimal thickening may be present during the second and third…

…autonomic dysregulation within a structurally normal heart. During an episode, decreased cardiac output and a potential paradoxical vasodilation with hypotension occur, often accompanied by bradycardia…

…early afterdepolarisations (EADs) that generate premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and increases transmural dispersion of repolarisation, thereby facilitating reentry. Episodes of TdP are frequently pause dependent…

…hypoactivity, hallucinations and marked autonomic hyperactivity Up to 5 to 7 days, sometimes longer Persisting withdrawal, particularly after previous severe episodes, with concurrent physical illness…

…repeated ischemic episodes or chronic reductions in perfusion. The amount and distribution of both viable and nonviable myocardium, together with coronary anatomy and the feasibility…

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…