…10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Importantly, the ECG findings dictate the management of acute coronary syndromes…

…R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life of life hospital arrival upon arrival: a retrospective multicenter study…

…during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though incidence and prognosis vary widely between patient groups and care…

…segment depression in the inverted lead aVR). A notch is evident in the ascending part of the ST segment. A male patient (Figure 1) presented…

…ms Table 1 . Reference intervals for QTc duration according to Bazett's formula. Note that a QTc interval 480 is always considered pathological. For patients…

…episode to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with other pro arrhythmogenic factors. The emergence of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation is, therefore, the…

…6 mm in the limb leads (typically highest in lead II). In the chest leads the amplitude is highest in V2–V3, where it may…

…to the left atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with…

…Sustained episodes of TdP will degenerate to VF, necessitating immediate defibrillation. In the context of cancer therapy, patients may develop new cardiac symptoms such as…

…is therefore heterogeneous. Irreversibly scarred regions may alternate with viable segments that are dysfunctional because of repeated ischemic episodes or chronic reductions in perfusion. The…

…is particularly important in previously sedentary individuals and those with chronic disease. Increasing frequency and duration before substantially increasing intensity may reduce overuse injuries. The…

…patients with total and proximal occlusions may present without ST segment elevations (which they should exhibit) due to rich collateral circulation in the ischemic area…

…rate (Table 1). Children and healthy adults may also develop tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy (Gopinnathair et al). Long term prognosis is excellent, with the vast majority…

…appear as the last event in the cascade. Thus, ischemic episodes may pass asymptomatically. Importance of heart rate during myocardial perfusion imaging It is generally…

…particularly in patients with marked tolerance. The most important measures in severe or complicated withdrawal are: 1. A benzodiazepine in a sufficient and repeated dose…

…and with the clinical context. 1. Rhythm Check Is the ventricular rate regular at 50–100 beats/min? Is there a P wave in front…

…renal perfusion, particularly in patients with long standing hypertension and a rightward shifted autoregulation [1,3]. The term hypertensive urgency is best avoided. It implies…

…drugs affect the function of cardiac ion channels. These agents are classified according to the Singh–Vaughan Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text…

…It is the most prevalent cardiomyopathy worldwide, affecting 1 in 500 individuals in most societies. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden cardiac…

…episodes, a lower threshold for provocation, or symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep. Initial symptoms of NSTEMI and UA may be similar. NSTEMI is…

…has a clinical heart failure syndrome and by determining the LVEF. Physical signs may be absent, particularly in early disease and in optimally treated patients…

…symptoms in patients whose epicardial coronary arteries are normal or show no obstructive disease. Ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) denotes the subgroup in…

…CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries, or in patients with intermediate lesions that do not produce physiologically significant flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined…

…or external stimuli. The underlying pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic dysregulation within a structurally normal heart. During an episode, decreased cardiac output and a potential…

…drugs affect the function of cardiac ion channels. These agents are classified according to the Singh–Vaughan Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text…

…general degeneration of the atrial conduction system. Individuals with atrial fibrillation and bradycardia have bradycardia–tachycardia syndrome. Careful management is warranted in patients with bradycardia…

…Indeed, in patients with ischemic heart disease, the majority of all ischemic episodes are asymptomatic (refer to The Ischemic Cascade). Acute coronary syndromes occur when…

…block II, type 1 (Wencheback block) PR interval is gradually prolonged until one atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the AV node. Generally not…

…the course of treatment. Even transient, self terminating AF during ST elevation myocardial infarction may indicate an increased long term risk of stroke. In patients…

…has decreased from approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension…

…without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute…

…infarction). Inversion of T waves indicates reperfusion The slow natural normalization of ST segment elevation (in untreated patients) is depicted in Figure 2 . As evident…

…but posterior circulation stroke is the most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in individuals younger than 35 years…