…multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the…

…effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse…

…Arterial and venous thrombosis Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The increased cardiovascular burden is particularly important because it may occur…

…such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may influence blood pressure, glucose–insulin homeostasis, lipids and apolipoproteins, endothelial function, systemic inflammation, liver fat synthesis, adiposity, thrombosis and…

…triglycerides. The benefit of statins extends beyond angiographic reduction of coronary obstruction. Intensive lipid lowering improves endothelial function, lowers circulating high sensitivity C reactive protein…

…vasculature, heart and kidneys. Advanced glycation end products activate inflammatory and profibrotic signalling through their receptor. Endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular stiffness, impaired coronary circulation, vascular…

…Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris obstructs the distal microcirculation and may be accompanied by microvascular constriction and endothelial or myocardial injury…

…major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues…

…In ANOCA/INOCA, coronary atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and distinct coronary functional abnormalities may produce ischaemia without an obstructive epicardial lesion. Once conventional anti ischaemic targets…

…as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while thrombotic debris may worsen the obstruction. Furthermore…

…also by the vulnerability of the myocardium and coronary microcirculation. Endothelial dysfunction promotes leukocyte and platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular obstruction…

…include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation)…

…to atheromatous plaque producing progressive narrowing or obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. Endothelial dysfunction, coronary microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may…

…In patients with CAD, endothelial disruption may convert normal vasodilator responses to vasoconstriction; however, endothelial dysfunction alone is not sufficient, and an additional trigger is…

…understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which is classically framed by Virchow’s triad: blood stasis, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in AF…

…longstanding ischemia causes the myocardium to secrete growth factors (particularly VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) which stimulate nearby arteries to grow new vessels into the…

…Unlike rupture, eroded plaques have an intact, thick fibrous cap but suffer from endothelial denudation. The local microenvironment is rich in hyaluronan, toll like receptor…

…adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), and increasing the permeability of the endothelium to circulating apolipoprotein B (ApoB) containing lipoproteins, predominantly low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

…Corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, erythropoietin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and drugs directed against vascular endothelial growth factor. Episodes of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest…

…respectively. Pharmacokinetics and Administration Technique Adenosine is extensively and rapidly cleared from the plasma by cellular uptake into erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. It is…

…non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with comorbidities. This may promote myocardial remodeling…

…Furthermore, they directly target the vasculature: Endothelial Function: Activation of GLP 1 receptors in the endothelium increases nitric oxide bioavailability. 10 Anti Inflammatory Signaling: These…

…apposition, edge dissections, and endothelial coverage. Complementary Characteristics IVUS and OCT are complementary rather than interchangeable. IVUS generally provides better visualization of overall vessel dimensions…

…possible mechanisms include microvascular obstruction, endothelial dysfunction and epicardial coronary spasm. The absence of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as…

…ANOCA/INOCA is heterogeneous. Potential mechanisms include: CMD; epicardial coronary vasospasm; microvascular spasm; endothelial dysfunction; concealed diffuse atherosclerosis; myocardial bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal…

…low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…a chronic, systemic proinflammatory state. This circulating inflammation leads to coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the upregulation of adhesion molecules (e.g., VCAM 1…

…particularly PDE3 and PDE5, which break down cAMP and cGMP. It also inhibits the cellular reuptake of adenosine into endothelial cells. Further, it inhibits adenosine…

…atherosclerotic plaque coincides with a pro thrombogenic moment in thrombocytes, coagulation factors, endothelial function, etc . The perfect storm implies that plaque disruption occurs when pro…

…to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that lines…