…multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the…

…effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse…

…Arterial and venous thrombosis Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The increased cardiovascular burden is particularly important because it may occur…

…such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may influence blood pressure, glucose–insulin homeostasis, lipids and apolipoproteins, endothelial function, systemic inflammation, liver fat synthesis, adiposity, thrombosis and…

…triglycerides. The benefit of statins extends beyond angiographic reduction of coronary obstruction. Intensive lipid lowering improves endothelial function, lowers circulating high sensitivity C reactive protein…

…vasculature, heart and kidneys. Advanced glycation end products activate inflammatory and profibrotic signalling through their receptor. Endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular stiffness, impaired coronary circulation, vascular…

…Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris obstructs the distal microcirculation and may be accompanied by microvascular constriction and endothelial or myocardial injury…

…major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues…

…In ANOCA/INOCA, coronary atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and distinct coronary functional abnormalities may produce ischaemia without an obstructive epicardial lesion. Once conventional anti ischaemic targets…

…as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while thrombotic debris may worsen the obstruction. Furthermore…

…also by the vulnerability of the myocardium and coronary microcirculation. Endothelial dysfunction promotes leukocyte and platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular obstruction…

…include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation)…

…to atheromatous plaque producing progressive narrowing or obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. Endothelial dysfunction, coronary microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may…

…spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia…

…triad: blood stasis, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in AF is most pronounced in the left atrial appendage (LAA). The LAA is…

…longstanding ischemia causes the myocardium to secrete growth factors (particularly VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) which stimulate nearby arteries to grow new vessels into the…

…Unlike rupture, eroded plaques have an intact, thick fibrous cap but suffer from endothelial denudation. The local microenvironment is rich in hyaluronan, toll like receptor…

…adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), and increasing the permeability of the endothelium to circulating apolipoprotein B (ApoB) containing lipoproteins, predominantly low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

…Corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, erythropoietin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and drugs directed against vascular endothelial growth factor. Episodes of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest…

…respectively. Pharmacokinetics and Administration Technique Adenosine is extensively and rapidly cleared from the plasma by cellular uptake into erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. It is…

…hemodynamic abnormality in HFpEF is impaired diastolic function. The left ventricle may have apparently preserved global systolic emptying while exhibiting impaired relaxation, increased passive stiffness…

…Furthermore, they directly target the vasculature: Endothelial Function: Activation of GLP 1 receptors in the endothelium increases nitric oxide bioavailability. 10 Anti Inflammatory Signaling: These…

…apposition, edge dissections, and endothelial coverage. Complementary Characteristics IVUS and OCT are complementary rather than interchangeable. IVUS generally provides better visualization of overall vessel dimensions…

…Coronary pressure assessment is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of…

…or left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension, diabetes, and elevated NT proBNP are more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial…

…low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type…

…In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases…

…clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%…

…Baseline ECG abnormalities rendering ST T interpretation difficult, including left bundle branch block (LBBB) or pacemaker rhythms. Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter Patients on medications…

…atherosclerotic plaque coincides with a pro thrombogenic moment in thrombocytes, coagulation factors, endothelial function, etc . The perfect storm implies that plaque disruption occurs when pro…

…of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the heart valves. Similar to vascular endothelium…