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Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Four-Pillar Therapy

…therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is high, and assessment for advanced therapies may be required. Evaluation…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…Increase diuretic dose and/or combine diuretic classes Diuretic resistance or end stage renal failure Consider renal replacement therapy Hypoperfusion with persistent organ injury Consider…

Constrictive pericarditis: definition, causes, diagnosis & echocardiography

…fraction (EF) may be reduced because the end diastolic volume of the ventricle (EDV) is reduced. Constrictive pericarditis also leads to right sided heart failure…

High-Sensitivity Troponin: 0/1-Hour Rule-In and Rule-Out Algorithms

…marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis, which has a more prominent inflammatory component and may progress to cirrhosis and end stage liver disease. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…of progression to end stage renal disease; preparation for renal replacement therapy is required 5 <15 mL/min/1.73 m² Kidney failure range Highest…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…and pre existing diabetes, previous myocardial infarction, or heart failure. Mechanical disruption must be considered whenever abrupt circulatory collapse occurs after STEMI. Rupture may involve…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…treatment. Reported risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, end stage renal disease, and death may be two to six fold higher in affected adults. True, apparent…

🟠 Prasugrel (Effient, Efient, Prasita)

…kg. Renal impairment No dose adjustment is required, including for patients with end stage renal disease. Limited experience exists for patients with impaired renal function…

Early repolarization on ECG: when guidelines confuse ECG criteria

…repolarization in ECG (A) is characterized by upward concavity of the ST segment and positive T waves. In ECG (B) they state something similar. Unfortunately…

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