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Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…resulting in myocardial hypoperfusion or ischaemia. Ischaemia is commonly precipitated by exertion, emotional stress, or another form of physiological stress, but it may also occur…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional stress. By the age of 60…

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease

…can improve coronary flow, exercise capacity and angina related health status, and both can reduce myocardial ischaemia during exertion or emotional stress. Neither procedure, however…

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

…when marked hormonal changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural…

Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management

…sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope (e.g during intense emotional stress) During vagal maneuvers (Valsalva maneuver, carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…can produce a transient and reversible mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and blood supply, generally during exertion, emotional stress, or another stressor. Manifestations include angina…

Cardiac Rehabilitation After Myocardial Infarction

…after infarction is associated independently with increased mortality, while inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent cardiac events. One possible mechanism is poorer adherence to…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…STEMI cases, a precipitating factor such as vigorous physical exercise, emotional stress, or a medical or surgical illness is present before the event. Although STEMI…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…to one half of cases. Reported precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional stress, and an intercurrent medical or surgical illness. Events may occur at any…

Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest)

…the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects younger individuals who endure intense emotional stress, acute pain or other stimuli that increases…

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