…syncope (NMS), a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional stress. By the age…

…costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the trapezius ridge is not seen in STEMI and suggests pericarditis instead. Pain is not uniformly present…

…oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan…

…characterized systematically, including: Onset and duration. Location and radiation. Quality and intensity. Precipitating factors, including exertion, emotional stress, meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors…

…disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease…

…syncope (e.g during intense emotional stress) During vagal maneuvers (Valsalva maneuver, carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation). It is common to discover SB in healthy young…

…and subsequent fall in cardiac specific troponin attributable to myocardial ischaemia. UA presents with compatible ischaemic symptoms but without cardiac specific troponin elevation above the…

…is associated independently with increased mortality, while inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent cardiac events. One possible mechanism is poorer adherence to prescribed treatment…

…generally do not resolve simply with cessation of activity, unlike typical exertional angina. A precipitating factor is identifiable in up to one half of cases…

…be wide (QRS duration ≥0.12 s). The escape rhythm with wide QRS complexes is referred to as ventricular rhythm . All these rhythms are regular…