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Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR)

…definitive or interim therapeutic solution can be reached. There is no consensus regarding the criteria for ECMO initiation. However, frequently used criteria include the following…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…causes include: Mechanism or clinical setting Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary spasm, microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…first year after stenting, although the risk is higher after treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and following complex PCI. Stent thrombosis remains…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…net direction of the QRS complex in leads I and II. The following rules apply: Normal axis: Net positive QRS complex in leads I and…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…net direction of the QRS complex in leads I and II. The following rules apply: Normal axis : Net positive QRS complex in leads I and…

Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…the following ECG changes.: Low voltage: large amounts of pericardial effusion will diminish the QRS amplitudes. Electrical alternans: The amplitude of the QRS complexes vary…

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…Embolic material Cardiac emboli may consist of the following materials: Coagulated blood Tumor tissue Fragments from vegetations (septic or aseptic vegetations) Fragments of calcifications Atherosclerotic…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following patterns: Angina at rest, usually prolonged for more than 20 minutes. New…

Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease…

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