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Right ventricular strain: definition, causes, echocardiography

…pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, septum defects, etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…crucial to distinguish Type 2 MI from acute and chronic myocardial injury. Myocardial injury is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms…

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS complexes, then…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…extreme axis deviation Extreme axis deviation is rare. It is most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…and nervousness. This is due to altered tone in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and…

Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management

…is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure, dyspnea). Most individuals, however, do experience symptoms and th

Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing

…circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition. Pulmonary infarction in acute phase – due to risk…

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