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The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS complexes, then…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…extreme axis deviation Extreme axis deviation is rare. It is most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…due to embolization. Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism. This figure does not include paradoxical embolism (discussed below) and emboli…

Right ventricular strain: definition, causes, echocardiography

…pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, septum defects, etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…Yet, autopsies are often not performed due to the high costs. The difficulties in determining the cause of out of hospital cardiac arrest are reflected…

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…and nervousness. This is due to altered tone in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, which is not related to acute coronary atherothrombosis. By definition, acute atherothrombotic plaque disruption is not a feature of…

Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management

…is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure, dyspnea). Most individuals, however, do experience symptoms and th

Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing

…circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition. Pulmonary infarction in acute phase – due to risk…

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