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Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…due to embolization. Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism. This figure does not include paradoxical embolism (discussed below) and emboli…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…Cardiac etiology Cardiac arrests caused by cardiovascular conditions and events are highly stochastic events. This is due to the fact that the vast majority of…

Arrhythmias before and during cardiac arrest

…and therefore the worse the prognosis. This does not always hold true. For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is…

Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…This is due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in the pericardial space. Note that tachycardia, pulmonary embolism and ischemia may also…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…crucial to distinguish Type 2 MI from acute and chronic myocardial injury. Myocardial injury is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms…

Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing

…circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition. Pulmonary infarction in acute phase – due to risk…

Cardiac tumors

…are small; they have a more stretched appearance and most often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS complexes, then…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…extreme axis deviation Extreme axis deviation is rare. It is most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS…

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