…asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine, white blood cell count, proinflammatory cytokines and C reactive protein. Increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio reflects altered endothelial and renal pathophysiology in…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every…

…based approach because cardiovascular benefit from blood pressure reduction may also occur in selected people whose pressure is elevated but below the conventional hypertension threshold…

…In clinical practice, the condition is identified primarily through persistently elevated blood pressure despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies…

…Ageing is associated with progressive increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rises less steeply and may remain stable or decline…

…failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated…

…In adults with elevated blood pressure, nonpharmacological management should be actively implemented. Adults with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg should receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive…

…and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure While systolic blood pressure (SBP) indicates the maximum pressure during heart contraction, it does…

…in up to 70% of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography, while approximately 25% of these patients have documented ischaemia. Among patients referred for invasive angiography…

…common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction, while infarction confined predominantly to the right ventricle is rare. The clinical spectrum extends from limited right…