…characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or chest discomfort Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate Pericardial effusion Pericardial pain is often sharp and pleuritic…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every…

…and pathophysiology Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a…

…insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria…

…Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction…

…normal cardiac function, but rather to a state where stroke volume is maintained only at the expense of pathologically elevated filling pressures. Epidemiology and risk…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…

…Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ…