…throughout life. Lp(a) is elevated in approximately one in five individuals. Pathophysiology Lp(a) is associated with several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular…

…insulin action promote hepatic triglyceride rich lipoprotein synthesis and reduce triglyceride rich lipoprotein and remnant clearance. The resulting atherogenic dyslipidaemia is characterized by elevated triglycerides…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic…

…than corresponding LDL C goals. Apolipoprotein B ApoB is the principal structural apolipoprotein of atherogenic lipoproteins. Each atherogenic lipoprotein particle carries one apoB molecule. Consequently…

…or calculator. The relevant BP and non high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL C) values are then entered into the table or application. Estimates should…

…LDL particles from the circulation. Statins also reduce production of apoB 100 containing lipoproteins and exert effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every…

…Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of acute organ…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…