…a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage…

…pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the underlying etiology…

…a vasopressor and early source control. Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment must therefore proceed in parallel and must not wait for complete…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and, in…

…a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic conditions. Treatment must be guided by the clinical response and by repeated laboratory…

…or vascular tone can significantly impact MAP, reflecting the dynamic interplay between cardiac function and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure…

…values show a dynamic change, or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure…

…patients. Frailty is characterized by reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes. It is dynamic and may improve or worsen with illness, treatment…

…This dynamic nature makes prior imaging particularly important when interpreting a current LVEF of 41–49%. Diagnostic phenotype Criterion HFmrEF Symptoms and/or signs of…

…dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and…

…complications of myocardial infarction Recurrent dynamic ECG changes suggestive of ischaemia, especially intermittent ST segment elevation Patients may initially stabilize and subsequently develop recurrent angina…

…occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death. As in other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with…

…The etiology of HFrEF is broadly dichotomized into ischemic and non ischemic causes, a distinction that fundamentally alters diagnostic work up and device therapy eligibility…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia ST segment elevations with straight (horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment…

…and therefore the myocardium does not shine as clearly on the ultrasound image (Figure 2). Ultrasound waves are primarily reflected in the interface between media…

…PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65…

…B In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum…

…with Brugada syndrome and LQTS, which both exhibit highly dynamic ECG changes). Related topics ST segment and T wave changes Ischemic and nonischemic ST segment…

…depth, and location, as well as related biomechanical and fluid dynamic factors. Increased thickness and length, and a more proximal vessel location, are associated with…

…atherosclerotic plaque disruption (rupture or erosion). The dynamic thrombotic component can vary in burden and may lead to distal coronary embolization, resulting in myocyte necrosis…

…level and progress slowly. Exercise Intensity Intensity may be prescribed using several complementary approaches. Heart rate based methods For patients with cardiovascular disease, dynamic aerobic…

…of myocardial infarction Pericarditis Dynamic recurrence of ST segment elevation is particularly concerning for a new infarction. A pericardial rub and poor response to nitroglycer

…generally greater than 15% and less than 85% Baseline ECG abnormalities make exercise ECG interpretation unreliable The patient cannot perform an adequate treadmill test but…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical…

…CCS) . This syndrome includes six clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease (discussed below). Moreover, prognostication, selection of diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies have been updated…

…CCS) . This syndrome includes six clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease (discussed below). Moreover, prognostication, selection of diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies have been updated…

…tissue [5] . Polymorphic VT (PMVT): Characterized by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation. PMVT is frequently associated…

…study of blood flow dynamics. The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in echocardiography. Conventional two dimensional (2D) echocardiography and Doppler studies are…