…the "VASc" nomenclature but clarify that female sex functions as a "risk modifier" rather than a primary driver of anticoagulation decisions [1] . In both paradigms…

…complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not…

…formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural…

…mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice…

…increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of CPR…

…must be minimized, most pacemakers use lead tips with high resistance (400 to 1200 Ω). The higher the resistance in the lead tip, the smaller…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…bidirectional. AF with a rapid ventricular response may precipitate or aggravate haemodynamic decompensation, whereas acute illness and increased sympathetic drive may promote AF. In DHF…

…it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line…