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Mitral regurgitation

…dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and the mitral annulus increases), both of which…

Cardiac arrest due to pneumothorax

…hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:e3849. Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy, ventilation depth and frequency, and adrenaline administration…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…Upon recognition of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…in the myocardium. The electrical potential difference exists between ischemic and normal myocardium and it results in displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on the surface ECG as ST segment displacement…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…vascular consequences Common structural consequences include left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may develop through papillary muscle displacement…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…characterized by angiography. Standard gray scale IVUS demonstrates the principal vessel wall layers and allows quantitative measurements of: minimum and maximum lumen diameter; lumen area…

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