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Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…of the umbilicus. The fetus should ideally be delivered within 5 minutes following the maternal cardiac arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…and ventilation result in a higher end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is possible by means of intubation and ventilation devices equipped…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…in the myocardium. The electrical potential difference exists between ischemic and normal myocardium and it results in displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…recognition of edge dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging may also clarify the mechanism of…

Mitral regurgitation

…dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and the mitral annulus increases), both of which…

Cardiac arrest due to pneumothorax

…Clarke RC, Mertes PM, et al. Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of perioperative hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:e3849. Wallmuller…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on the surface ECG as ST segment displacement…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…consequences include left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may develop through papillary muscle displacement, annular dilatation, or both…

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