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Mitral regurgitation

…dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and the mitral annulus increases), both of which…

Cardiac arrest due to pneumothorax

…In instances of tension pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…reduced, potentially leading to complete obstruction of venous return by the uterus. This can be remedied by manual displacement of the uterus to the left…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…in the myocardium. The electrical potential difference exists between ischemic and normal myocardium and it results in displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on the surface ECG as ST segment displacement…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…develop through papillary muscle displacement, annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…with roughly 70–200 µm for gray scale IVUS. This allows detailed visualization of the lumen surface, fibrous cap thickness, thrombus, stent struts, tissue prolapse…

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