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Mitral regurgitation

…syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and…

Cardiac arrest due to pneumothorax

…laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…in a cardiac arrest. For women beyond the 20 th week of pregnancy, or when the fundal height surpasses the umbilicus, the uterus should be…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…myocardium and it results in displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients may present with acute chest pain or chest pain equivalent symptoms…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may develop through papillary muscle displacement, annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…required because blood causes strong backscatter of the light signal. Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement…

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