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Mitral regurgitation

…dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and the mitral annulus increases), both of which…

Cardiac arrest due to pneumothorax

…to the heart. In instances of tension pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…reduced, potentially leading to complete obstruction of venous return by the uterus. This can be remedied by manual displacement of the uterus to the left…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…in the myocardium. The electrical potential difference exists between ischemic and normal myocardium and it results in displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…The physical examination should include: Assessment of all major peripheral pulses. Blood pressure measurement in both arms. Cardiac auscultation. Pulmonary auscultation. Evaluation for heart failure…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction …

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement. OCT is particularly useful for: characterizing the surface of atheroma…

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