…inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents can induce bradycardia or conduction disorders. These include beta blockers, non dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs…

…of hypercalcemia. Less common causes are immobilization, sarcoidosis, thyrotoxicosis, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, Addison's disease, renal failure, tamoxifen, lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium…

…Primary and secondary ST T changes Primary ST T changes are caused by abnormal repolarization . This is seen in ischemia, electrolyte disorders (calcium, potassium), tachycardia…

…also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states…

…tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical ECG changes: Shortened QT interval. Attenuated T wave…

…Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant…

…Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium levels. Brugada…

…adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have…

…antenatal hypertensive disorders, but it may also arise de novo after delivery. New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal…

…include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure…