…Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology and impaired ventricular relaxation [10]. There is also…

…hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory cell entry into…

…coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction…

…failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood…

…conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from young adulthood, resulting in a greater lifetime burden of hypertension…

…mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to…

…sleep disordered breathing, cancer related disease and cardiac amyloidosis among the relevant clinical settings or comorbidities. HFrEF is distinguished from heart failure with mildly reduced…

…by the lead in the other chamber, resulting in inappropriate inhibition of the pacemaker in the latter chamber. This type of oversensing is referred to…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs…

…MVA) is myocardial ischaemia caused by structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may impair coronary flow reserve (CFR), reduce microcirculatory conductance…