…abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may impair coronary flow reserve (CFR), reduce microcirculatory conductance, or cause abnormal vasoconstriction of coronary arterioles. Structural and…

…FH). Heterozygous FH results in high LDL cholesterol levels (but nothing else) and increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction by more than 50 times…

…isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of…

…and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can reveal lesions that are not apparent on conventional angiography. Coronary vasomotor disorders may involve epicardial spasm or abnormalities of…

…Assessing the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations of coronary, cerebral or peripheral arterial disease, although the source…