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Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

…patients with pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis experience a second thrombotic event within 10 years ( Goldhaber et al, Kearon et al ). Epidemiology of pulmonary…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload is…

Pulmonary embolism: quick reference for risk stratification and treatment

…strained right ventricle. Clinical probability in the stable patient The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary…

Constrictive pericarditis: definition, causes, diagnosis & echocardiography

…a result, the blood flow from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium is hampered. This reduces the filling of the left atrium and, accordingly…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

Pulmonary regurgitation

…right ventricular outflow tract) become dilated, which further agravates the regurgitation. The proximal portion of the pulmonary artery may also be dilated in patients with…

Mitral valve stenosis

…and dilation. Atrial dilation causes a significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The increase in left atrial pressure may also propagate backward to the pulmonary…

Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH): ECG criteria & clinical characteristics

…pulmonale is very common. Figure 2. Two ECGs showing left and right ventricular hypertrophy. Next chapter Biventricular Hypertrophy Related chapters Overview of Hypertrophy and Dilatation…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…P pulmonale: right atrial enlargement (hypertrophy, dilatation) Enlargement of the right atrium is commonly a consequence of increased resistance to empty blood into the right…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation…

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