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Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

…thrombus is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the main pulmonary artery. Depending on the size and form of the thrombus…

Pulmonary regurgitation

…of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload, which gradually causes right…

Mitral valve stenosis

…LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details, refer to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may cause…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…P pulmonale: right atrial enlargement (hypertrophy, dilatation) Enlargement of the right atrium is commonly a consequence of increased resistance to empty blood into the right…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload is…

Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH): ECG criteria & clinical characteristics

…pulmonale is very common. Figure 2. Two ECGs showing left and right ventricular hypertrophy. Next chapter Biventricular Hypertrophy Related chapters Overview of Hypertrophy and Dilatation…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

Pulmonary embolism: quick reference for risk stratification and treatment

…in antiphospholipid syndrome and in marked renal failure. Duration of treatment: at least 3 months. Extended treatment in unprovoked pulmonary embolism, a persisting risk factor…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left…

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