…sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain…

…obstruction) of the left main coronary artery (LAD) or 2 epicardial coronary arteries (Felker et al). Left ventricular dilation entails a markedly elevated risk of…

…angina (VA), formerly termed Prinzmetal or variant angina, is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces…

…after acute coronary syndromes in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). They are also recommended in patients within one year of MI and…

…and symmetric. Their duration is short; they typically disappear within minutes after a total occlusion in a coronary artery occurs (then of course, the ST…

…arrhythmias. Definitions and ECG criteria for ventricular rhythm and idioventricular rhythm Ventricular rhythm exists if 3 or more consecutive beats have a ventricular origin. The…

…muscle rupture. The risk of rupture is greater for the posteromedial papillary muscle, which only receives blood supply from one coronary artery (Coronary arteries). Chronic…

…setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia. It may predate the coronary event, be detected for the first time, or…

…is caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop of blood flow and thus more extensive myocardial ischemia (referred to…

…either LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details, refer to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may…