Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…predominantly by atrial tissue; its midregional pro ANP assay may provide information comparable to BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…Valve function and stress related haemodynamic changes Diastolic function Pulmonary hypertension Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) Pulmonary congestion detected by B lines on lung ultrasound…

…Rheumatic heart disease typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective…

…underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that lines the greater vessels connected to the heart…

…Figure 2). It is important to note that the apex of the heart is fixed to the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the…

…right ventricle is rare. The clinical spectrum extends from limited right ventricular dysfunction to severe right sided failure and cardiogenic shock. The haemodynamic disturbance results…

Diastolic function Criteria Normal, young Normal, adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling…