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Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…a need for an antidote or dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates from what was expected. The poison control centre is the authoritative local…

Blood gas interpretation: quick reference for acid-base disorders

…simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most. What matters…

Ventricular Pressure-Volume Relationship: Preload, Afterload, Stroke Volume, Wall Stress & Frank-Starling's law

…pressure volume relationship can be described by a loop diagram with volume depicted on the x axis and left ventricular pressure on the y axis…

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy)

…syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy…

🟠 SYNTAX Score II

…trial. Limitations Requires detailed clinical and angiographic data. Calculation can be complex without dedicated software. May not account for all patient specific factors (e.g.…

CME: How dietary fat affects coronary arteries, LDL cholesterol and body weight

…reason). LDL cholesterol, dietary fat and statins have been debated intensely in the past decade. A quick search (on Google) for anything related to statins…

Overview of the ECG Waves, Deflections, Intervals, Durations

…The classical ECG curve with its most common waveforms. Important intervals and points of measurement are depicted. ECG interpretation requires knowledge of these waves and…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…possible by means of intubation and ventilation devices equipped with sensors. A normal capnogram is depicted in Figure 1 . Phase I (Inspiratory Baseline) : Reflects inhaled…

Introduction to Cardiac Pacing and Devices: Pacemaker, ICD, CRT

…devices in general, it is crucial to be familiar with these devices. This section is devoted to artificial pacemakers. More advanced devices (ICD, implantable cardioverter…

Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)

…is often considered challenging, separate chapters are dedicated to their diagnosis and management. The recommendations presented throughout this section align with the guidelines issued by…

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