Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than merely a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts contribute to matrix production…

…is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body…

…respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular burden. Obesity may be a particularly important cause of HF…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes…

…delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has improved procedural safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of lesions amenable to PCI. Stent…

…activity, avoidance of smoking, and adequate sleep. The process should begin early in life. Primordial prevention in childhood may reduce the subsequent development of hypertension…

…use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress…

…Interpretation of CHADS VA score References Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism…

…or the development of an entirely new arrhythmia. Electrophysiologic mechanisms of proarrhythmia include prolongation of repolarisation, increased transmural dispersion, EAD mediated TdP, and alterations in…

…evolving T wave inversions and often by the development of Q waves in the same lead distribution [15]. Differential Diagnosis of ST Elevation Several nonischemic…

…disease. The relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is less clearly defined, although triglycerides may contribute to the development and progression of aortic pathology…

…Physiological and anatomical development during infancy & childhood In adults, the left ventricle is considerably larger than the right ventricle. This is the result of ventricular…

…and release from an early cytosolic pool have all been associated with detectable troponin. High sensitivity assays may therefore identify a continuum of myocardial injury…

…not prevent the development of new proximal atherosclerosis. The choice between procedures therefore depends on the balance between: Anatomical completeness and complexity of revascularization Expected…

…acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia. This condition is potentially fatal and necessitates prompt intervention, including sedation and the administration of Dantrolene. References DeBehnke…

…article will deal with the physiology of exercise and emphasis will be placed on myocardial oxygen consumption and the development of myocardial ischemia during exercise…

…intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes…

…Physiological and anatomical development during infancy & childhood In adults, the left ventricle is considerably larger than the right ventricle. This is the result of ventricular…

…changes. This is due to the fact that pre excitation leads to abnormal depolarization of the ventricles and this leads to abnormal repolarization as well…

…that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked impulses lead to arrhythmias…

…of SCD who may benefit from preventive interventions, such as ICD implantation. For example: A 5 year SCD risk ≥ 6% is considered high risk, and…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…clinical settings and frequently coexist in the same patient population. AF can act as a trigger for atrial flutter, and the development of AF is…

…composite of cardiovascular death, non fatal myocardial infarction and non fatal stroke. The clinical development of canakinumab for this indication did not continue because of…

…the strongest predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease after accounting for age. Chronotropic response, blood pressure behaviour and the development of arrhythmias provide…

…of LV relaxation and filling. Hypertension and diabetes can contribute to the development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and…

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…of myocardial necrosis, or severe ischaemia on stress testing. Such developments may convert an initially selective or delayed approach into an indication for angiography and…

…Rapid development of biventricular failure. Pulmonary oedema. Cardiogenic shock. The shunt may initially be tolerated, but the defect can enlarge and cause rapid haemodynamic deterioration…

…descriptors of pathological extent. Magnetic resonance imaging findings indicate that Q wave development relates more closely to infarct volume than to transmurality. Clinical Presentation and…

…remodeling and neurohormonal changes that further worsen the hemodynamic situation. Thus, chronic aortic regurgitation gradually leads to impaired contractile function and the development of myocardial…

…endocarditis. With 2D and later 3D ultrasound, the technology has been greatly refined. Similarly, the development of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been extremely valuable. Echocardiography…

…guide the development of a pharmacological agent that can alleviate ischemia by inducing the same effect. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying ischemic preconditioning, and whether the…

…medication. It should be noted that the development of AV block upon instigation of beta blockers suggests concealed conduction disturbance in the AV system. Thus…

…type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and…

…These ST segment depressions are mirror images of the ST segment elevations, and they are seen in leads with a roughly opposite angle to the…

…traditional presentation of the ECG leads is not particularly helpful. Presentation of leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF actually reflects their historical development…