…considered a passive degenerative process, but emerging evidence suggests it is propelled by a biologically active process. Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors…

…the previous articles. Hence, sinus node dysfunction may manifest with any of the four abovementioned conditions. The majority of patients will experience symptoms, although some…

…The majority of those with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, degenerative disease…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…by a PVC, which serves as the first beat of the polymorphic VT. Sustained episodes may eventually degenerate into ventricular fibrillation (VF). Proarrhythmia, defined as…

…kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and can develop gradually over several days to weeks. More acute…

…anomaly (Figure 1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the…

…decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude)…

…than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial degeneration or increase aortic wall stress. Relevant associations…

…attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has identified the relevant…