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Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium…

Aortic stenosis

…for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in high income…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…article. A rehearsal follows. Reversible causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (development of fibrosis) of the sinoatrial node. Myocardial ischemia/infarction. Perimyocarditis…

Fascicular block (hemiblock): Left anterior & left posterior fascicular block

…coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, degenerative disease, hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior…

Mitral regurgitation

…Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1…

Arrhythmias before and during cardiac arrest

…tachyarrhythmias, of which 45% were VT degenerating into VF. 27% were caused by bradyarrhythmia, of which 74% were asystole and 26% were AV blocks. These…

Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) that cannot be controlled despite escalation of antianginal medical therapy…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis…

Acquired QT Prolongation and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia

…is interrupted by a PVC, which serves as the first beat of the polymorphic VT. Sustained episodes may eventually degenerate into ventricular fibrillation (VF). Proarrhythmia…

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC, ARVD)

…exist, although they are rare (Naxos disease, Carvajal syndrome). The prevalence of ARVC is between 0.02 and 0.05% in Europe (Corrado et al)…

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