…is age related degeneration of the valvular apparatus. Age related degeneration affects 2% of the population and leads to gradual prolapse of the valve leaflets…

…greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial degeneration or…

…thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmias, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular heart disease. In patients with ANOCA/INOCA, symptoms may persist despite non obstructive coronary anatomy. Such patients…

…not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria. Endocarditis can lead to the destruction of the valvular apparatus…

…fibrillatory amplitudes) ultimately degenerate into asystole. The gradual progression from coarse VF to fine VF and finally asystole is the result of diminishing ATP concentration…

…of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the tricuspid annulus diameter is 4 cm. Severe tricuspid regurgitation results in right ventricular and…

…node and the atrium). All these conditions have been discussed in detail in the previous articles. Hence, sinus node dysfunction may manifest with any of…

…In the early stages of aortic stenosis, stroke volume becomes smaller. Reduced stroke volumes and increased resistance in the valve result in compensatory left ventricular…

…degenerative disease, hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Isolated LAFB is considered a benign conduction…

…and the T wave is interrupted by a PVC, which serves as the first beat of the polymorphic VT. Sustained episodes may eventually degenerate into…