…at high risk of developing atrial fibrillation, and vice versa. The pathophysiological explanation for this may be a general degeneration of the atrial conduction system…

…is age related degeneration of the valvular apparatus. Age related degeneration affects 2% of the population and leads to gradual prolapse of the valve leaflets…

…have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and can develop gradually over several days to weeks…

…degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to…

…70% of cases. The ascending aorta is involved in about 30% and the arch in approximately 10%. Because the haematoma lies close to the adventitia…

…ascending part) and rapid deceleration (descending part). Deceleration time (DT) is the time interval from the peak of the E wave to its projected baseline …

…heart rate deceleration (pause dependent torsade, common in adults). In pause dependent torsade de pointes, a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus…

…heart rate deceleration (pause dependent torsade, common in adults). In pause dependent torsade de pointes, a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus…

…For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is typically PEA, which is explained by the fact that the embolus prevents…

…steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin variable large, wide origin Ratio pulmonic to…

…The following cardiomyopathies lead to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Diabetic cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced…

…are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe regurgitation; the leakage usually ends early…

…causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart surgery Myocarditis Collagen disease Amyloidosis Risk of supraventricular…

…Figure 3. Prognosis in aortic stenosis according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient…

…LAFB) Left anterior fascicular block is due to anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle. Depolarization of the left ventricle will depend entirely on…

…after 8–10 minutes of no flow (i.e. cardiac arrest without any circulation). These estimates should be viewed as approximations due to the following:…

…steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin variable large, wide origin Ratio pulmonic to…

…abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length…

…1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) 1.5 1.5–2.0 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) Deceleration time (DT)…