…are at high risk of developing atrial fibrillation, and vice versa. The pathophysiological explanation for this may be a general degeneration of the atrial conduction…

…disease typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders…

…oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and can…

…anomaly is characterized by the following malformations: The septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve adhere to the ventricular myocardium (failure of embryological delamination)…

…greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial degeneration or…

…pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) . Diastolic function can be estimated from E/A ratio, e' and deceleration time (DT). These three methods…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…tachyarrhythmias, of which 45% were VT degenerating into VF. 27% were caused by bradyarrhythmia, of which 74% were asystole and 26% were AV blocks. These…

…abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length…

…fraction is reduced). Left ventricular diastolic function may be normal or exhibit a restrictive pattern (increased E/A ratio and rapid deceleration time; see Diastolic…

…gradient and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe…

…that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked impulses lead to arrhythmias…

…a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal infections (group A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve…

…posterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle. Anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle leads to left anterior fascicular block. Similarly, left posterior…

…stunning . This is a protective mechanism since the cessation of contractions leads to a marked reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning…

…abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length…

…abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length…

…1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) 1.5 1.5–2.0 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) Deceleration time (DT)…