…such that LVEDP and LAP rise slowly. This leads to compensatory dilatation of chambers. The mechanism underlying ventricular and atrial dilation proceeds from Laplace's…

…four chamber view (A4C) using pulsed Doppler. The sample volume (SV) should be placed between the leaflet tips (1–3 mm axial length of SV…

…abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length…

…1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half time (T ½,ms) ≥ 190 ms Right atrium Pressure half time…

…1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half time (T ½,ms) ≥ 190 ms Right atrium Severly enlarged Vena…

…are at high risk of developing atrial fibrillation, and vice versa. The pathophysiological explanation for this may be a general degeneration of the atrial conduction…

…common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis…

…Right ventricular infarction. Ebstein's anomaly (Figure 1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the…

…greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial degeneration or…

…episodes of sustained VT, VF, or appropriate shocks from an ICD within 24 h. Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG showing polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerating…

…episodes of sustained VT, VF, or appropriate shocks from an ICD within 24 h. Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG showing polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerating…

…tachyarrhythmias, of which 45% were VT degenerating into VF. 27% were caused by bradyarrhythmia, of which 74% were asystole and 26% were AV blocks. These…

…fraction is reduced). Left ventricular diastolic function may be normal or exhibit a restrictive pattern (increased E/A ratio and rapid deceleration time; see Diastolic…

…are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe regurgitation; the leakage usually ends early…

…article. A rehearsal follows. Reversible causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (development of fibrosis) of the sinoatrial node. Myocardial ischemia/infarction. Perimyocarditis…

…income countries, the majority of cases are caused by calcification of the aortic valve. Calcification has traditionally been considered a passive degenerative process, but emerging…

…degenerative disease, hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Isolated LAFB is considered a benign conduction…

…quality CPR). The longer the duration of cardiac arrest, the greater the likelihood of a shockable rhythm degenerating into asystole or PEA. Neurological function after…

…1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) 1.5 1.5–2.0 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) Deceleration time (DT)…