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Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents: Evolution, Evidence and Stent Choice

…that tacked down dissection flaps, counteracted elastic recoil, reduced emergency vessel closure and decreased the need for emergency CABG. Metal only stents, now termed BMS…

Noradrenaline, Dobutamine and Levosimendan: Practical Infusion Use

…higher doses, vasoconstriction may occur, accompanied by decreased venous capacitance and an elevation in right atrial pressure. Levosimendan represents a distinct class of inodilator. It…

SGLT2 Inhibitors for Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

…control. Proposed mechanisms include: Reduction in glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration Decreased tubular energy demand and oxygen consumption Natriuresis and diuresis Reduction in plasma volume, preload…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…a structurally normal heart. During an episode, decreased cardiac output and a potential paradoxical vasodilation with hypotension occur, often accompanied by bradycardia. Most cases involve…

Doppler effect and Doppler echocardiography

…the sound waves are stretched out, which results in increased wavelength and decreased frequency. The Doppler principle is primarily used to study blood flow and…

ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (disorder)

…changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…to reduce its risk. VSR incidence has decreased from approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and…

Ejection fraction (EF): Physiology, Measurement & Clinical Evaluation

…Similarly, a decrease in afterload (e.g by means of decreased resistance in the systemic circulation) leads to an increase in ejection fraction. The opposites…

Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images (Myocardial SPECT / PET)

…further classified based on the intensity of tracer uptake and associated myocardial changes: Mild defects : Characterized by decreased tracer counts while preserving normal wall thickness…

Sinoatrial block (SA block): ECG criteria, causes and clinical features

…completely blocked and a loss of P wave occurs. The P P interval is gradually decreased. The ensuing pause is twice as long as the…

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