Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and…

…Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators…

…pathophysiology Atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes have important inflammatory components. Inflammation contributes to atherothrombosis through activation of innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of…

…Systemic inflammation results in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is…

…myositis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, SLE and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular…

…κB and MAPK) in vascular smooth muscle cells, reducing cytokines like IL 6 and TNF α. 11 Plaque Stability: By reducing macrophage infiltration and…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…