…aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore always part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms…

…new confusion, tachypnoea, hypotension, rigors, abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood…

…Use a balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse…

…with advancing age. Presentations without pain may include: Sudden breathlessness Syncope or sudden loss of consciousness Confusion Profound weakness An arrhythmia Peripheral embolism An ot

…or raised Other Moderate work of breathing Accessory muscle use Cyanosis, exhaustion, hypotension or collapse The classification is based on a combination of clinical findings…

…of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation Moderately severe symptoms New confusion Severe headache Persistent nausea Moderately reduced consciousness Marked gait instability The specificity of…

…apathy, confusion, impaired reflexes. Severe <115 mmol/L Seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not…

…lead to confusion between LBBB and acute STEMI. In fact, studies have shown that LBBB is the most common cause of false activations of the…

…ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a hypertensive crisis through interactions, while venlafaxine and higher doses of bupropion, among others, can raise the blood pressure…

…two papers and the authors of this article decided to adopt the criteria from MacFarlane et al . However, the confusion actually extends beyond the ECG…

…exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE…

…In severe cases, there can be a rupture of the atria or ventricles. Myocardial infarction : The contusion can cause coronary artery dissection, atherothrombosis or rupture…

…trial shortens the time on the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of delirium in intensive care. Renal replacement therapy Absolute indications:…

…confusion, convulsion, tachycardia, hypotension, coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia…

…g in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5 10 minutes. Dilute immediately before use…

…apply to the anti inflammatory effect. They say nothing about the mineralocorticoid effect or about suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life…

…system Finding : : CNS New confusion, disorientation, agitation, drowsiness or a reduced GCS Respiration A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of breathing…

…of “ 100” for Qp/Qs is likely a typo; standard practice uses the ratio directly (e.g., 2:1, not 200%). Conclusion Echocardiographic calculation of…