…lead to confusion between LBBB and acute STEMI. In fact, studies have shown that LBBB is the most common cause of false activations of the…

…with advancing age. Presentations without pain may include: Sudden breathlessness Syncope or sudden loss of consciousness Confusion Profound weakness An arrhythmia Peripheral embolism An ot

…signs of inflammation may be faint or absent. Take cultures immediately, but never let sampling, imaging, the blood count or contact with the patient's…

…formula’s inclusion of “ 100” for Qp/Qs is likely a typo; standard practice uses the ratio directly (e.g., 2:1, not 200%). Conclusion…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…of myocardial infarction The Fourth Universal Definition separates MI into five principal types. Type Mechanism or setting Type 1 Acute atherothrombotic MI, usually related to…

…Contusio cordis Contusio cordis refers to a contusion of the myocardium, greater vessels or valves, due to a direct, non penetrating traumatic blow to the…

…Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate above 25 to 30 per minute Increased risk of ventilatory failure New drowsiness, confusion or agitation Suspect hypoxaemia or hypercapnia…

…symptoms An inadequate supply of glucose to the brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred speech visual disturbance confusion focal neurological signs…

…target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value suggests inadequate oxygen delivery Capillary refill < 3 s Equivalent to lactate guided resuscitation in septic shock Haemoglobin…