…lead to confusion between LBBB and acute STEMI. In fact, studies have shown that LBBB is the most common cause of false activations of the…

…with advancing age. Presentations without pain may include: Sudden breathlessness Syncope or sudden loss of consciousness Confusion Profound weakness An arrhythmia Peripheral embolism An ot

…before a blood count is available. The nadir often occurs 7 to 14 days after a course of chemotherapy, but the timing varies considerably between…

…Significant right to left shunt (e.g., Eisenmenger syndrome). Qp/Qs ≈ 1 : Normal, no significant shunt. Clinical Relevance of Shunt Fraction Diagnosis of Shunt Severity…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…of myocardial infarction The Fourth Universal Definition separates MI into five principal types. Type Mechanism or setting Type 1 Acute atherothrombotic MI, usually related to…

…Contusio cordis Contusio cordis refers to a contusion of the myocardium, greater vessels or valves, due to a direct, non penetrating traumatic blow to the…

…Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate above 25 to 30 per minute Increased risk of ventilatory failure New drowsiness, confusion or agitation Suspect hypoxaemia or hypercapnia…

…symptoms An inadequate supply of glucose to the brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred speech visual disturbance confusion focal neurological signs…

…trial shortens the time on the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of delirium in intensive care. Renal replacement therapy Absolute indications:…